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the Health Consequences of Smoking Part 1 of 4
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- Document File
- 03763512/03766002/S H Re 1979 Surgeon General S Report.
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- 05 Jun 1998
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U.S. DEPARTMENT 0!E' HEALTH, EDUCATION, AN'D WELFARE
Public Health, Senvrike
Heal'th Services and KAentall Healfh Administration
54099LCU
The
Health Consequencess
ofS'moking
A Report' of the Surgeon ta'enerak 1971
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF IIEALTIii, EDUCATION~ AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
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Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 81.75
Preface
Tihi~sreport is acornprehensivereviewof rn~orethan 20! years
of research intlo the problemi of smoking and health. This re-
search has been carried on under the sponsorship of many groups
ini this country andi abroad,, including governments, universities,,
private research institutions„ voluntary healtli, agencies, and; the
tobacco: imdustry.S'even, years ago, an advisory committee to the Surgeon General
concluded that cigarette smoking is a serious hazard tolhealth and
is relatedl to illness and deathl from lung cancer, chronic broncho-
pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease and other diseases. In
the intervening years, a great deal of new research has been com
pleted.. This has resulted, in ai growing understanding, of the bio-
mechanisms whereby cigarette smoking adversely affects the hu-
rnan organism and, contributes to the~ development of serious
illness.,
It is& encouraging that cigarette consumption in this country is
declining. If this decline can be maintained, it will result in better
health for our population and in fewer deaths among those of' our
citizens who are in their most productive years of life:
JESSE L. STEINFELD, M.D.,
Surgeon General:
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The \Tati'onal Clearinghouse for Smoking, and Health, Daniel
Horn, Ph.D.,, Director, was responsible for the preparation of this
report. Daniel P. Asnes, M.D., was consulting editor. Staff ' direc-
tor for the report was David G. Coak, M.D.
The professional staff has had the assistance and advice of a
numberr of experts in the scientific and t'echnical' fields, both in
and' outsid'e of the government. Their contributions are gratefuIly
ackno«-ledged. Special thanks are dhae the following:
A::of:esoN, WiiLiAM H., lP.D'. Chief; Pulmonar~yD'isease Section, University
of Louis~-illeSchool, of\Iedicine,, Louisville, Ky.
ANT2[oNisEti,, NtCtiaL.aS, R.,, M.D.-Ph. D.-Associate Professor, Department'of' lisherimental
.l,Iedicine,McGS:ll University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Avf:Re:u'tt, QScait; JI.D..-S'enior 1Vledicall Investigator, VA Hospital, East
Orange, N.J.
AiRES; SrEPHEN M., itl.D:-Direetor, Saint Vincent's Hospital and M'edicat
Center of New York, Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, New Y'ork., NLY.
B:chEa, CARL, _II.D,-Director, National Cancer Institute,, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, AiLd.
P'F:«eT;, SAMUEL, ALD:-Director, Division of' Cardiolbgy, Philadellphia~ General
.1 I 0 Hospi'ta1, Philadelphia,, Pa.
BtxG„RtcHARD Jl,,;tL.D.-Professor of Medicine, California Institute of Tech,
nolbgy, Pasadena, Ca17f:
BacK, FRED G., Ph, D. Director, Orchard Park Il,aboratories; Roswell Park
Memorial Institute, Orchard Park, N.Y.
BoRE:v,, HOLLIS, 3T.D,-Professor of Medicine, IYI'arquette School of Medicine,
Wood VA Hospital,Milwaukee; Wis.
Bo[;TwEU[., ROSWELL K., M.D.-Professor of:Oncology, MoArdle Laboratoryy
for Cancer Reseas•chs University of' Wiseonsin, Mad:ison,, wis.,
C'oaPEx„ THEonoxE;, M.D.-Diu-ector„ National Heart Ihxstitute, National In-
stitlutes, of Health, Bethesda, Md.,
CORNFIELD, JEepntE-Resear& Prof'essorof Biostatistics, University of Pitts-
burgh Graduate School of Public Health, Biostatistics Project, Bethesda, Mdl
EARL, CHRISTOPHER J., M.D.-National Hospital, London, England.
EPSTEIN, FREDERICK H., M.D.-Professor of' Epidemiology, University of
Michigan, School of Pubiic Health; Ann Arbor,, Michi
FALK, HAxa'L., Ph. D;-Associate Director for Laboratory Research, Nationall
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences„ Research Triangle Park, N. C.
FERRisy BIIr,rAa2c.N G., Jit., M.D.-Professor, Departmentl of Physiology, Har-
vard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
V
FITZPATRICK, 1VIARx', J., M.D:, M.P.HL-Obstetrician, Perinatal Biology and In "
f'ant Mortality, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
National Institute of Child Health and Human~ Development, National In-`
stitutes of Healthy Bet'hesda,, Md. ,~
FR.A;zIeR; TbDDM.-Assistant Director; HarvardCent'erfor Communi'tyhIealthand Medical Care, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, MAss~
GOLDSMITH, JOHN R.,, M.D.-Head, Environmental Epidemioiogy Unit„ Cali-
fornia State Department, ofPublic. HealthyBerkeley,Calif'.
HANNA, 1VhCHAEL G., JR., Ph. D.-Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Lab-
oratory, Oak Ridge,, Tenn.
HIGGiNS, IAN T. T., M.D., Mi.R:.C.P.-Professor, Department of Epidemiology,
University, of' Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich.
HOFFMANN, DIETRICH, Ph. D.-Division of'Environmental Toxicology, Ameri-
can Health Foundation, New York, N.Y.
ISRAEL, ROBERT, A.-Director, Division, of Vital St'atistics, National Center for
Health Statistics,, U:S!P'.HIS., U.S. Department of Health, Educationi and
Welfare, R'ockville, Mdl
KELLER, ANDREW Z., D.M.D., M.P:H.-Chief, Research in Geographic Epide-
miology, Veterans Adininistration Central Office, Washington, D;C.
KtRSNER, JosEPx, 1VT.D. Prof'essor of Medicine, Universi'ty of Chicago School
of Medici'ne, Chicago, Ill'.
KNOx,, DAVID L., M.D.-Associate Professor, The Wilmer Ophthalmologicall
Institute, The J'ohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
KOLBYE, ALBERT C., JR., M.D.,, JID:-Deput'y Director, Bureau of Food's,, Food
and Drug, Adtninistration, U.S.,Depaltment' of'Health, Education and Wel-
fare, Washington D.CJ
KOTIN, PAUL, M.D.-Directlor, National Institute of' Environmental Health
Scienees,, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina..
KRaM'HOi.Z, RICHARD A., MLD-Director, Instit'ute of Respiratory Diseases,
Kettering Medical Center, Kettering, Ohio.
LrEBOw, AVERILL A., M.D.-Pi•ofessor and Chairman,, Department of Path-
ology, University of'California at San Diego, L'a Jolla, Calif.
LiLiENFELD, ABRAHAM„ M.D:-Professor and Chairman, Departmentl of'
Chronic Diseases; Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,
B'altimore,, Md:
MACMAHON, BRIAN, M.D,-Proflessor of Epidemiology, Harvard University
School of'Public Health, Boston„Mass.
McLEAN,, Ross, M.D.-Medical Consultant,, Regional Medical Program of
Texas, Austiny Tex.MCMTLLAN, GARDNER C:, M.D.-Chief, Arteriosclerotic Disease Branch, Na-
tional Heart and Lung Institute, Nationall Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
MITCHELL, RoGER S,, M:D.-Directbr; University of Colorado Medical, Center,Webb-Waring Institute for
Medical Research, Denver, Colo:
MURPHY, EDMOND A., M.D., Sc. D.-Associate Professor of Medicine and Bio-
statistics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
PAFFeNBARCER, RALPH S., JR:, M.D. Chief, Bureau of Adult Health and.
Chronic Diseases,, California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley,
Calif.
PETERS,, JoxN M.,, M.D.-Associate Professor of Occupational' Medicine, Har-
vard University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass .
PETERSON, WiLLiANr, F., M.D'. Chairman, Department of' Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Washington Hospital Centler,, Washington, D.C:
PETTY,, THohtAs L., 1VI.D. Assoc,iate Professor of' Medicine, University of
Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colo. -
vi
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B
gaily-t(r•rra. ['>trieKro, M.D.-Associate Scientific Director for Carcinogenesis
Eti4ne<<, N:rtional Cancer Institute, National IInstitutesof ' H'ealth,, Beth-
ar.aa. \I'd..
StyIU•ra•, I.rtoNARo .1I'., 3I.D.-Professor and! Hiead„Division of'' EpidemioIogy;.
4 r.~ f r<:,t'v of ~Iinnesota School,of. Public Health, Minneapolis, Minn:..
gtrtMkt., )LirtnAEr B., MLD. Coordinator;, Regional Medical Program, Uni-
vhrsitv of Ciilifornia at San Diego, La,Joll'a,, Calif.StkMt tR, Jt:ae,MtAx1, 1Vi.D.-Executive
Direct'or;, Chicago Board of )&Tealthyflh•alkh I:o~oarchToundationy Chicago, IlL
1'..,i,,FxWoOro. 1'.tUL B., JR., M.D:-Associate Professor, Department of Ob•
a~ t andl Gynecology, University of Soutli: Carolina Medical School~
Char!'~aon. ~.~.
\'~',ti ! r t t,t:~, Bt:N;tAMttv' L,, 1VT.D.-Professor of' Environmental Medicine, In-
r titut,- of' l:rt~•ironmentall Medicine, New York University Medical Center,
N, w lf r41, N.Y.
Virroe.. \IAt•rtice, M.D.-Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology,
e'a-e AVt-stern Reserve, Cleveland, ©hio.\N'i NiCa.. 1:aNEsT L., M.D:-Presidentl and Medical
Director, American Health
E',+un~iation. New York, N.Y.
1'ht,- 1'fillnw~ing professional stlaff~ of~ t'he~ hTationall Clearinghouse
f„r~ S~~tnok~ing and Health contributed'to~~tlhe~ preparation of th~isxe-
port :~ .lridin H. Holbrook, M.D., Richard W. White, R'oliert~S~. Hutch-
iirw•. 1•:1'.:ine Bratic, Annabel W. Hecht, Richard! H. Arnacher,
I)on<<lii R. Shopland andl Jennie M. Jennings:
Shecial thanks are~ due~ Nancy~ S: Johnstom,~ Kathrymi C~arl'y~sl~e,,
1, :. Denrent, and Mlildred HI. R'itchie.~
vii
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