Tobacco Documents Online

~ ON T/20VEP 5 }~ 1~E SMOK~Ei~' U/V0/Ij~SMO1;E~2 ~ . ~V~1DEN~CE TPUTE ~ CL61IW~S~ ON' THE ~~LL-EC-E19 l/PN~C-E/ZS ~~ 0~ r_} 1~?SSI'VE SI1'0{:l~/JC: Concent'rations of nicotine and tobacco smoke in publliic places Hli,nds W.C.; First M.W. Dept. Erivironm. Hlth Sci'., Harvard Sch. Publ. Hith, Boston, Mass. 021115 NEW ENGU.J'.rJIED. (U.S.A. ) ,1975, 292/16 (844-845)i, Coden: NEJMA t.anguages: ENGLISH The data co,ll!ected during thiis study suggest that although ~ tobacco sr,oke concentrations often exceed t e annua average arr qual'ilty standard for clean air•, these levels would not be i expecter to proouce the strong public reaction tio tooacco Smoke :'ha t has developed in, the past' few.years. T'his observatrion, suggests that annoyance flrom tobacco smoke is caused by factors other than the average concentration of particulate matter in the indoor atinospnere. For exa-npole, annoyance may be a response to peak concentrations of tobacco Smoke that are likely to be much gr•eater than the average values given in a table. Consid'erable annoyance from tobacco smoking may also result from, gaseous components produced during the tobacco combustion. Gaseous components (Inot including water vapor) represent approximately 70' of, the mass of combustion products in sidestream snoke and include strong irritants and,unpleasant odors, suchiass phenols, aldehy!d'es, and organic acids. Awareness of tobacco smoke is enhanced ~ because its submicrometer parti'cle size produces a higrnl'y ; visible aerosol at low mass concentratJons. These factors, I taken together, may be a more important cause of the publi'c's advursr- reaction to tobacco smoke than the quantity measured in the present study, the average smoke concentrationi. II Air pol!lution in =_moke fi?led rooms Harke H.P. Forschi. Inst. Cigarettenindustri e.V., Hamburg, REV.ENVIRJN.iHLTH (lISRAEL), ,197 4, 1/4 (305-326), Coden: REVHA l'dnguag2s: ENGLISH For the last 1',0 yr atternpts have been made to -test whether expr;sui•e tc an at~nosphere conta i l tobacco smoke or i ts Constituents .vil!i, produce the same heallth hazard to smokers as to nonsmokers. Some experimental stud'ies in the field of passive smoking have recenily been published. The purpose of troe present paper is to summarize the present state of evidence concerniing actual, measureclzrnts of, contamination due to cigarebte smoke and! to compare the a,-sorption of cigarette smoke cornoonents bv smckers and nonsmokcIrs. The health risk is growing wi th the ext2nt to whiich snok;~ is absorbed by the snioker. When discussing possible harmfi:,l effects caused by passive smoking the a:^,ount of smoke nbs3rbed cy nonsmukers snouldalsobe kno.rn. Consee,uently,,, a discussion of passive smoking wi 11 lead to re_,uI ts only .v`1en tht° problof the do5e response rel!ation5hip, is suffici'ently clarified and when Simi lar investig3ti'ons are cri'trcal lly e:•aluated. At f irst an analysi's is Tad'=• of Sidestream smoKe andl it~: use in evaluating tne dbg-ee of contamina.tion iin so:nke filled rooms. Measurements of levelscr s,noke constituel~rts in the atmosphere of, smoke filled rncros and measurement'; on hcw far smoke constitue~sts are ab,orbed by the passi,ve smoker are dilscussed. Tne results of present investigations carried'out under real conJiticn5, d0o noto a,l.lo, the conCl~.:.,.icn t.11a t measured concentrations conGri4ute to humsn ill',c•ss in the sense of toxl1city. A possibie irrritation of non,n,_)king i'ndivid'uals on_ expnsure fo smoke ille<l rooms way be controlill d by venCr ation as specif',ie:], for example in, the sta_ndard$_ in ermany. (j references. ) . a

The right to smoke. New Republic v177 p8(2) Dec 10 1977 CODEN: NREPA DESCRIPTORS: smoking-liaw and legi'slati'on 75097998 T!re priblem of passive smokilng. PI. Investiigations of CO levels rn tne automobile after cigarette sm::king ZUY PRUi3LE'+li DES PASSIVRAUCHENS. II. UN!TERSUCHUNGEN! IiBER' DEN K'OHLENMONOxIDGEHALT DER LUFT IM KRAFTFAHRZEUG DURCH DAS RAUCHEN' VON ZIiGARETTEN ' Harke H.P.;, Liedi W.; Denker D. Forsch. Inst., Cigarettenindustr. V., Hamburg. IiNT.ARCH.ARBEITS6IED. (BERL.) (GERMANY, WEST) ,1974, 33/3 (207-220),, Coder: IRGGA Languages: GERr.1AN' Dn an automobi le of the lower midd'lle cliass the CU concenGration was measured after cigarette smoking. The car was occupied by 4lpersons - only the driver was a nonsmoker. Experiments were carried!out i'n a wind tunnel. The doors and windows of tne car had been closed and the motor was off. At a rel'ative wind velocity of 0 and 50 km/h" ventilation varied!as folllows. Ventilation 0 = ai'r jets closed, blower off; ventilation 1/2 = air jets open, blower, off; ventilation 1= air jets open, blower oni. In the first series of experiments, each of tne 3 smokers smoked simultaneously in the following pattern: smoking period 9.0 mi'n, t'i'me not smokiing 19.4 mi'n, smoking, peri'od 9.6 min. Experiments with the air jets open were stopoed after a further 3.2 mini, and experilments with the air jets closed were fol lo.jed by a nons:nukiing period of 9.5 min, a smoking period of 9.0 min, and agaiin a nonsmokilnG period of 4.3 min. In tihe second series of experiments, one after another of the 3 smokers sm:ked a cigarette. In experiments wiith the air jets cliosed„ 6 cigarettes were smoked wi'thin 49.5 miln; and in,experiiments with air •jets open 4 cigarettes were smoked withiin 30, min. Results: In tne experiment wilth a relafive wind velocity of 50 km/hr and ventilation 0, 1/2, or 1„ as well as of 01kmfhr and ventilation 11, a stable CO level was already observed after a fie.N minutes of smck,i'ng. In above mentioned experiments the CO concentration decreased in just a short time to ambient CO level in nonsmoking,periods. Tlne eq;uilibriium of ccncentratilon dependnd on the number of cigaretties smoked simultaneously (inot on theab.so l u.t'e number pfc i garet tessmokedl)i as wel 1 as on ventilat'ion and relat'ive wi'nd velocity. The following, CO Concentrations were measured: 50 km/hr, ventilation,0, 3 x 3 ci'g., 30 ppm;', 50 km/hr, ventilation 1/2, 2 x 3 cig., 2-0 ppm; 50 km/hr, ventilation, 1, 2 x,3 cig., 10 ppm; 0 km/hr, •ventilation 1',, 2 x 3 cig., 8'-1i0 ppmi. Experiments in which cigarettes were smckedi one after another concentrations of 10-15, 8-10 and 5-6 pom were measured'respectively (',50 km/hr). In the experiment wi',th a relat'iive wind velocity of 0 km/hr without venti,liation, the CO concentration increased remarkably. 'Af'ter simultaneously smoking 3 x 3 cigarettes, nearly 110 ppm COiwas measured and'80 pp^i CO after smok,ing 6€igarettes one after another. Im both, cases an equiilibrilum was not observed, however, the increase of the CO levell lessened' progressively with the tiime of, experiment. This i!ndicates that an air exchange also occurred und.ertheseexDe^iment.ai condlti'o.ns, which would rarely be reproauced ini a rea)situ3tion. ~ An antismoking pi'tchigets a cool reception. Business week p23(l) Jan 30 1978 CODEN: BUWEA SECTION HEADING: l!ifie sciences; business DESCRIPTORS: smoking-political aspects

'Passive smoking' at the workplace ZUM THE'•1A ' PASSIVRAUCHEN' AM ARBEITSPLATZ Klosterkoetter W.; Gono E. Inst. Hyg. Arbeitsmed., Gesamthochsch.. Uhiv. Essen ARBEITS.IED.SOZIALMED.PRAVENTIVMED. (GER^r1ANY, WEST) ,1975,, 10112 (233-236), Coden: ASPVA Languagzs: GERr11AN As a contribution to the discussion or the theme entitled 'Passive smoking at the Workplace', some comments are made on tne question of the damage done to hi by passive smdking, and on the effect of tne smell, and also on the harm done by irritatin:3 suostances in tobacco smoke. So far no evidence has been producedias to the harmful effects or healtro of passive smoking,in the sense of causing the cla;5ic diseases and risks ause by smoking. In particuiar, ni:coti'rne and carbon dioxide u der the usual circumstances give no nred for fear. The major consideration is to avoid the sympGonrs of irritation caused by tobacco smoke, whichi can be accomPllished by adequate ventilation. The problems raised by smoking are critically examined. It is pointediout that for the judgement of the quality of the atmosphere in the smoke environment, the MAC (maximum acceptable concentrations) are irrelevant. Uptake, metabolism and effects of niicotine in active and passive snokers. A contribution to the L1AK values of nicotine AUFNAHME, META$OiLISMUS UND WIRKUNG VON NIKOTiI!N BEIM AKTIV UND PASSIV RAUCHEN!. EIN',BEITRAG ZUM MAK WERT VON NIKOTIN Henschler D. Inst. Pharmakol. Toxikol., Univ. Wurz:Durg ARBEITS','ED:.SOZIAL~,^ED.PRAVENTIVMED,. (GERMANY, WEST) ,11975 , 10/12 (237-239), Coden: ASPVA Languages :GEPNtAN Nicotine iis absorbed' from tobacco smoke with completely different kinetics in inna:l!iing and passive smokers. Observed and/or su6pected' effects on heart and circulation are basically different and cannot be compared directly. The MAC value of niicotine is not well substantiated' and cannot be taken as a measure othe occurrence oi'exc us,ion o iea effects i'n passive smokers i n~ the working - environment. Discussion on whether or not smoking should~be allowed in the working site must be focussed on other harmful components of tobacco smoke. On the oroblerr of passive smoking ZUr.1 PROBUEr,1 DES PASSIVRAUCHENS Klosterkaetter W.; Gono E. Inst. Hyg. Arbeitsmed.. Univ. Esseni ZBL.BAKT.REIHE B (GERPlANY, WEST)i 11976, 162/1-2(51-69), Cbden: ZHP^AA Languages ~ GERNIAN There is noevidenceUod.ltethat G.isSive srokinc lea':sin the long in to typical sr^o*el's' disea,es or, to an increased healtn r sK in an aver.;rz nea th ^-cn. There are no plausible reasons to justify tne a~,sumpti on that such disturbances develop in passive smo,~ers in the shor2 term. Exposure to to:;acco smoke carn, under unfavourable conditions, lead to te-porary irritation and impoir the feelling of ~5,ell be i ngl wh i::h some persons may experr i enc•2 as a consi derab l enui sance. Tinere are gr(,)ups o f persons o f i ncrease:.+ sens i t i v i ty and pred i spos i t i on to.~aro~ hea l tn r i sr'` -. such as as thm3t i cs and small cnildren; these aersons shoL,Jri not be exposec to Lobacco snoKe. There is tre proDlemiof nuividually determined smell interference by tobacco smoke. Admittedly:,, numerous questions stlll await an answer, but ti'•_,r'e is enough time to cllarif'y them~ at leiisure since passive siir,king entails no acute dbnger of poisoning. In this field! the ~r,ost iinoortant task is to study in~detail the problem of nuisal'ce caused by smokirig, with regard'to both the prevailingla,j and the de;nands of air hygiene. A detailed comment on the verdict passed by the Administrative Court of Schleswig cllose, with the phrase: "The prevenituon of the detrimental effects to health causedby tobacco~snoke constitutes a preeminent task for the public nealtn service and health policy'. Ii

Passive s?loking in enclosed public places Noonan G. NHVRC Diiv., Australilan Dept. Hlth, Canberra MED.J.AUST. (AUSTRALIA) ,1976, 2/2 (68-70), Coden:'. MJAUA Languagos: ENGLISH The mechanisms involved in the aetiology of diseases induced by cigarette smoke have not been conclusi'vely established" ,~ although a large number of' possi'c,ilities have been put forward and a large number of rrisk factors id'entif'ied. Evidence appears t~o be accurnulating,to suggest that non smokers exposed to cigarette smoke also face a certain amount of risk. To date, most of this evidence has displayed only variations in a e.v physiological parameters ini these people, but it cannot be assumed tha t, because no pathological consequences have been conclusi'vely established, none exist. It' seems,quite feasible that increased blood levells of carboxyhaemoglobin and inhalati'on of significant conoentrations of particulate matter, as described, could' be a latent burden to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of, passive smokers in the long term. Equally as feasible ils the exist~ence of a threat from exposure to the varied array of other chemicals incorporated in the sidestream smoke. The consolidation of, the findings by a number of studies that' yoi-ing children exposed'to c i'g3ret te srnc,ke have an i ncreased i nc i'dence of respi ratory disease aupears to be aniindictment of smoking as a disease fiaetor„ at least' in this age group. These studies, and in particular that conduct'ed in Israel, have been extensively dlilscussed throughout t'he literature, and although there has Deen diisagreement on the mechanisms involved in, iinducing respiratory infections, it appears that' the studies have been accepted as scientifically sound. T'ne other, and far more corntroversial',, aspect of passive snoking is that of ciivil rights. The argument is put f'orward' by smokers that restrictions oil smoki'ng in publ iic pllaces infringe their freedom. As smokers definitely cannot be• considered' to c_onst~i't.ute a minorit'y group, they feel that their ri'ghts should~ not be ignored. Hor;ever, thils ai'gument appears to have been considered unacceptabil!e by a host of publ'ic health authorities throughout' the world. On absorption and effects of carbon monoxide in active and passive snoking ZUR' AUFNAH..E UND WIRKUNG VON KDHLEN:"0'JOrCID BEI AKTiIVEM UND PASSIV'E'1 R:.UCHIaN Ant.,~ei ler H. Med. Inst. Lufthyg. Si'likoseforsch., Uhiv. Dusseldorf ARBEITS'.IED.SOZIALri!ED.PRAVENTIV",1ED'. (GEnr,IANV„ WEST) ,1975, 10/'12'('245-248), Coden: ASPVA Languagas: GERr,1AN First, the general principlles for jiudjing health risks by CO exposure are exr,)lained'. Then, the spe,=i3i exposure and' tne related risks for active smokers and for passive smoking are discussed. The active cigarette smoker runs the risk by CO in tobacco smoke wilth COHb values of mo^e than 2.8;', if he iss predamagedun his myocard (angina, pect;,-,ris) or/andin, his peripheral vessels (claudicatio intermittens). Passive smakinq, causes no hea l th!r i sk hy COi.because t`"e C'JHb val ue , eveni n. extreme 5itU_ltions, d~as not e.x.c•3ed 2.6~;. I I

/%. study has shown that, on one submarine, the average ambient , controlled to 15 parts per million or lower by catalytic burners, there still remains a residual low level in the atmosphere. This TI - Carboxyhemoglobin levels during a submarine patrol. AU - Bondi KR ; Very KR ; Schaefer KE AB - One of the major contaminants from tobacco smoking aboard a nuclear submarine is carbon monoxide (CO). While this gas is concentration was 7 ppm, which prod'uced an average carboxyhemoglobin level in 15 nonsmokers of 2.1%, 1.7%, and at the start, middle, and end of a 40-d patrol. Because 1.7% submariners are generally healthy and young, it i~s o~ncluded' that CO exposures at these ambient levels do not cons i u e a major risk factor to the physiological well-being of these submariners, nor are they expected to cause any decrement in performance. SO - Aviat Space Environ Med 49(7)=851-4, Jul 78 TI - Cigarette smoke in enclosed public facilities. AU - Sebben J ; Pimm P ; Shephard' RJ AB - A portable carbon monoxide detector (catalytic electrode) was used' to record carbon monoxide concentrations in enclosed public facilities, including night clubs, bars, restaurants, stores, hospitals, and public transit vehicles. The highest concentrations of carbon monoxide were found in night clubs, where evening indoor readings averaged~ 13.4 ppm, Which was'4.1 +/- 1.5 ppm higher than outdoor rezdings. In one poorly ventilated establishment, values ranged from 20 to 40 ppm, with substantial gradients around the room. Adequate ventilation and screening of restaurant employees for ischemic heart disease should prevent problems from cigarette-induced build-up of carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, much lower concentrations of other constituents of smoke cause symptoms and changes of pulmonary function in the nonsmoker. If carbon monoxide is used as an indicator of cigarette smoke accumulation, concentrations should not exceed ambient readings by more than 5 ppm. SO - Arch Environ Health 32(2)~:53-8, Mar-Apr 77 /3 Smoking: free choice. Dwyer, 'AJilliam F. Business Horizons v21 p52(5) June 1978 CODEN: BHORA SECTIO'd HEAD'ING: business DESCRIPTORS: tobacco-physiological effects; smoking-1aw ana legislat,'on r v-" ., ._ ... .. . : ~ , _ - ., . , . . .. .. . .. . .. _ ~:;~